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Article History

Received: 16 October 2024

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethics approval was not obtained for this specific paper because the research reported did not involve human participants or their data. The framework was developed based on a literature review and following the process outlined in the method. As part of the method, this paper refers to an empirical study reported elsewhere—see Method—Filtering key concepts empirically (Jewitt et al., ), for which local ethics approval was separately sought and obtained (ethics committee at RCA, ethics approval number SB/3/2022, obtained on 3rd October 2022; the full ethics documentation was reviewed by the UCL IOE chair of ethics, no additional issues were raised, and the documentation is held on record—UCL requires no separate ethics application).

: This article is based on a literature review and references an empirical study (see Method: Filtering key concepts empirically, Jewitt et al., ). In the referenced study, consent was obtained in person prior to the studies, which occurred between October and November 2022. Participants provided individual written consent for their participation, anonymised data use, and consent to publish and disseminate, and were informed of the data protection policies in place.