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Authors
He, Min
Abbasi, Babar Nawaz
He, Jinhua
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involved human participants and their data. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, including its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of International Studies, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China (Approval Number: SNNU-2024-09-01), approved on September 1, 2024.
: The survey was administered between 5 and 17 September 2024. At the outset of the survey, participants were provided with an introductory statement outlining the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the assurance of confidentiality. They were informed that there were no right or wrong answers and that their responses would be used solely for research purposes. Consent was obtained by participants’ decision to proceed with the survey after reading this information.
