Lin, Chin-Lon
Zhuang, Wen-Long
Huang, Hsiu-Chen
Lee, Ming-Tsung
Wu, Sung-Hui
Article History
Received: 15 November 2024
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 1 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used anonymized data provided by the Office of Institutional Research of the authors’ institution. The dataset did not contain personally identifiable information, and the study involved no intervention or interaction with participants. According to the Education Discipline Review Guidelines of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan (revised 2022), research that is anonymous, non-interventional, non-interactive, and contains no personally identifiable information is exempt from formal ethical review (see Section II.2, Research Ethics Review Exemptions). (National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan. Education Discipline Review Guidelines (revised 2022). Available at: ). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable. As this study relied on anonymized institutional data and involved no direct contact with participants, individual informed consent was not required.