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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 26 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Normal University (Approval No.: 20230905; approval date: 05 September 2023). The approval covered all procedures involving human participants (i.e., semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis). All research was performed in accordance with institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between 6 and 12 September 2023, prior to the commencement of each interview session. The consent process included an explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and participants’ rights, including voluntary participation, the option to withdraw at any time without penalty, and assurances of confidentiality and anonymity. Consent forms were signed in duplicate, with one copy retained by the participant and the other securely stored by the researcher in a password-protected archive. All personal identifiers were removed during transcription and analysis.