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Authors
Zeng, Youlai
Zhang, Wenting
Wang, Shiyan
Sun, Nan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Ministry of Education (23YJC880005, 23YJC880005, 23YJC880005, 23YJC880005)
Department of Education of Liaoning Province (LJ112410165030, LJ112410165030, LJ112410165030, LJ112410165030)
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2025
Accepted: 26 August 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of Liaoning Normal University (Approval No. LL2025004) on January 2, 2025. All procedures performed in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants’ confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained to protect their privacy throughout the research process.
: Children and minors were not included as participants in this study. Prior to completing the questionnaire, investigators provided participants with clear and comprehensive information regarding the nature, objectives, and potential risks of the study, as outlined in the questionnaire instructions. Informed consent was obtained from all participants on January 3, 2025, who were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any negative consequences. All personal information and data collected were kept strictly confidential and used solely for academic research purposes.
