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Article History

Received: 5 January 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical principles. This study relied exclusively on anonymized and non-sensitive questionnaire data, meeting the criteria under Article 32 of the “Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings” (jointly issued by China’s National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on February 18, 2023; available at ), which states that research using anonymized data, which involves no harm to participants and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests, is exempt from prior ethical review. The exemption was formally approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Shenzhen Technology University on December 19, 2023. The committee reviewed the full study protocol and confirmed that the research complied with all applicable ethical standards. This study is purely academic research, aiming to expand knowledge and understanding within the field, without any commercial or other non-academic interests. All participants were fully informed of the study’s objectives, procedures, and potential outcomes, and provided voluntary consent without any form of coercion or undue influence. The research adhered to prevailing academic ethical standards and maintained strict compliance with principles of integrity and ethical conduct.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, during the period between April 4 and July 15, 2024. In accordance with national regulations and institutional standards, this research did not necessitate written informed consent. Instead, participants were required to complete an online informed consent process. All respondents were given sufficient time to read and understand the consent information before voluntarily providing their agreement online. At the beginning of the questionnaire, an introductory section clearly informed participants of: (1) the purpose of the study; (2) assurance of anonymity and confidentiality; and (3) the academic-only use of their responses. Participants could proceed to the survey only after clicking the “I Agree” button; otherwise, the system automatically terminated the questionnaire, ensuring that valid consent was obtained before data collection.