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Article History

Received: 13 March 2025

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 27 November 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study did not involve human participants, personal data, biological materials, or animal subjects. In line with internationally recognized ethical standards for non-interventional research in the humanities and social sciences, the design and methods fall outside the scope of formal ethics committee approval. Accordingly, no institutional approval was required.

: All data used in this study were obtained from publicly accessible sources on the Viki streaming platform, including subtitle files and anonymized viewer comments. No personally identifiable information was collected, stored, or analyzed. Viewers who post comments on the platform are informed by Viki’s terms of service that their contributions are public, and this study made use of such data solely for academic purposes. Participants’ anonymity was fully preserved, the data were used exclusively for scholarly analysis, and no foreseeable risks were posed to contributors. Formal written informed consent was therefore not required.