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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 30 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Ocean University of China (Approval No. OUC-HM-20231205) on December 5, 2023, prior to the commencement of the research. The approval scope encompassed all procedures involving human participants, including recruitment protocols, data collection methodologies, and analytical approaches. The research strictly adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments, as well as institutional guidelines for human participant protection. All experimental protocols aligned with the committee’s requirements for risk mitigation and data confidentiality.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants (or their legal guardians for minors under 18 years old) by the research team between January and March 2024. Consent forms explicitly detailed: 1. The study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks (minimal/no physical or psychological harm), and societal benefits. 2. Assurance of anonymity for participants in all published materials. 3. Authorization for data usage strictly for academic purposes, including publication in anonymized form. 4. Voluntary participation and withdrawal rights. For underage participants, guardians received additional verbal explanations from trained researchers to confirm comprehension before signing. Signed forms were stored securely in password-protected institutional databases. As a non-interventional questionnaire-based study, all participants were explicitly informed of their anonymized data’s role in advancing learning behavior research, with no foreseeable risks to personal or professional standing.