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Authors
Cheng, Xusen
Zhang, Lulu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72434006, 72434006)
Ministry of Education Key Projects of Philosophy and Social Sciences Research (23JZD022, 23JZD022)
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Article History
Received: 11 March 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 3 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Renmin University of China on 01 March 2025. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: This study obtained informed consent from all participants. Informed consent was obtained in writing through the Wenjuan Star platform before the experiment. The consent process was initiated on 29/05/2024, and participants were required to review the details of the study and provide their agreement to participate by selecting the consent option provided within the online questionnaire. Participants in this research have been fully informed of the nature and purpose of the study. All data collected will be used solely for academic purposes, and participants’ anonymity is fully assured. Their responses will remain confidential, with no personally identifiable information being collected or stored. There are no anticipated risks associated with their participation, and they were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.
