Cheng, Sijia
Cao, Ruilan
Md Rashid, Sabariah
Article History
Received: 21 October 2024
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study involves human participants and was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Anhui University of Technology on 1 November 2023 (Approval number: AHUT-2024110101). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Online informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study, specifically between 1st December 2023 and 1st January 2024. Participants were clearly informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the research. They were also explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any point without negative consequences, and their willingness to participate was documented through their signature on the consent form.