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Article History

Received: 1 October 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was obtained from Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University’s Institutional Review Board (Approval NO. ER-AOFE -12781164620220903234225) on September 9th, 2022. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Before the study began, the participants (non-vulnerable individuals) were provided with an online consent form and participant information sheet in the online survey by the researchers between 14-21 December 2023 and were fully informed that their anonymity is assured, why the research is being conducted, how their data will be utilized, and there will be no risks to them of participating. They read through and comprehended the study’s purpose, objectives, how their data will be utilized, consent to publish and there are no risks to them of participating. All those who understood the purpose and goals of the research participated. The consent form included contact information for inquiries about the study and withdrawal from participation. The research team obtained written consent from all participants by signing the online consent form and the institution’s ethics committee granted permission to conduct the research.