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Authors
Chen, Jian
Wu, Xiaotong
Luo, Yi
Liu, Keliang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52472339)
Chongqing Municipal Education Commission Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project (24SKGH124)
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Article History
Received: 27 October 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Ethical approval
: Since the questionnaire survey and methodology of this study do not involve research on human subjects, it will not have an adverse effect on the mental health of the respondents, and the questionnaires collected in the study are completely anonymous, which complies with the ethical standards stipulated in the relevant guidelines and regulations such as the Declaration of Helsinki. Therefore, this study obtained ethical approval from the author's institution (Chongqing Jiaotong University Ethics Review Committee, decision of April 2023).
: The questionnaire survey for this study was conducted in the People’s Republic of China from April 25 to May 10, 2023. Before participating in the online and paper questionnaire, the respondents received an informed consent form in which they were informed of the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Only those who clicked “I agree” could proceed to the questionnaire, thereby formally giving consent.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
