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Authors
Wang, Di
Li, Mingliang
Kong, Rong
Hong, Yan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72273107)
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The research reported in this paper was conducted following the ethical guidelines of the College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University. Ethical approval was obtained from the Academic Committee (AC) of the College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University on April 12th, 2021, which meets international standards for independence and multidisciplinary review. There was no specific approval number attached, as per AC policy, survey-based research involving non-sensitive, anonymized and posing no risk to participants can exempt from having an approval number. Data collection was conducted from April 13th to 23rd, 2021, following the ethical approval. Given the characteristics of the rural respondents, informed consent was obtained through face-to-face reading. After the interviewer completed the reading, the consent date and their name were recorded on the cover of the paper questionnaire for accountability purposes, a method approved by the Academic Committee. This study does not involve any vulnerable special populations. The collected data were stored in an encrypted database and managed internally by the research team members, in accordance with the approved. Participation was voluntary, and no compensation or incentives were provided. This study complies with local laws and institutional policies in Shaanxi Province. Furthermore, all procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: In this research, all participants were informed of the research purpose, procedures, confidentiality protocols, and their right to withdraw at any time. Voluntary participation was ensured for all participants. The consent process was conducted via face-to-face dialog between interviewers and participants on April 13th–23rd, 2021.
