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Article History

Received: 12 December 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board school of mathematical sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China (Approval number of the document is: MS202404038; Approval Date: April 3, 2022). All surveys were conducted in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China.

: The written informed consent regarding participation, data use, and consent to publish was obtained from all participants on June 10, 2022. Prior to completing the questionnaire, researchers also obtained explicit consent from the teachers. All teachers were fully informed that the study was conducted solely for research purposes, that their participation was voluntary, and that the procedures posed no harm or risk. Participants were assured of confidentiality and anonymity throughout the research process.