Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 December 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 1 October 2025

Change Date: 24 October 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In this article the acknowledgement section was incorrectly given as "We extend our heartfelt gratitude to Corpus Christi Police Officer Shawn Barnes and Senior Officer Denise Pace for theirs invaluable guidance and support in advising and facilitating the workshop designed to strengthen the communication skills of our undergraduate criminal justice students. Their expertise and dedication to fostering effective de-escalation techniques have been instrumental in preparing future criminal justice professionals to handle challenging situations with empathy and professionalism. Officer Barnes and Pace’s commitment to equipping students with the tools necessary for success in their careers is deeply appreciated and reflects his unwavering dedication to improving community relations and public safety. Thank you both for everything you do each day for our community. but should have read "We want to extend our sincere thanks to Corpus Christi Police Department Police Officer Shawn Barnes and Senior Officer Denise Pace for their guidance and support in helping us facilitate the workshop to strengthen communication skills among our undergraduate criminal justice students. Their expertise in de-escalation and commitment to preparing future professionals have been invaluable. Thank you both for all you do each day for our students and community." The original article has been corrected.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi Institutional Review Board (TAMU-CC IRB) and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was reviewed and granted exemption from full ethics review by the TAMU-CC IRB on February 24, 2025 (IRB Protocol Number: TAMU-CC-IRB-2024-1119). The project qualified for exemption under Category 4 of 45 CFR §46.104(d)(4), as it involved secondary research using previously collected identifiable private information, which was subsequently de-identified prior to analysis. The original data were collected as part of an internal program evaluation initiative. The current research team accessed only de-identified datasets for the purposes of secondary analysis. No re-identification or participant contact occurred during the study. This research received no specific grant or funding from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Documentation of the exemption is on file and available upon request.

: The requirement for informed consent was formally waived by the Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi Institutional Review Board (TAMU-CC IRB) under IRB Protocol Number TAMU-CC-IRB-2024-1119. The waiver was granted on the basis that the data were originally collected for internal program evaluation and quality improvement, not for research. For the purposes of this study, only de-identified data were analyzed. No identifiable private information was used, and participants were neither contacted nor re-identified at any stage. The IRB determined that the study met the criteria for exemption under federal regulations for exempt research (45 CFR §46.104(d)(4)). Written documentation of the waiver is on file and available upon request.