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Authors
Fu, Yiweng
Wu, Chunmao
Li, Pei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Humanities and Social Sciences Pre-Research Project (107-10-454 0108013, 107-10-454 0108013, 107-10-454 0108013)
Shanghai Municipal Key Course Program for Higher Education Institutions (107-10-0108072, 107-10-0108072, 107-10-0108072)
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Donghua University on May 16, 2024 (Ethics approval number: DHUEC-FZ-2024-04).
: Written informed consent was not necessary for this survey in compliance with institutional and national regulations (e.g., the Regulations on the Administration of National Network and Data Security require written personal consent only for sensitive financial account information). There was an online informed consent for participation. The study was conducted on 23 July 2024. It was completely voluntary and participants had the right to withdraw at any time without any negative consequences (e.g., prior to starting the survey, participants need to read and select the “accept” option to continue the questionnaire). The scope of the consent includes participation in the study, use of the collected data for academic research purposes only, and publication of the anonymized results. All data will be stored confidentially and used in strict accordance with the restrictions outlined in the consent statement.
