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Authors
Wang, Menghan
Liu, Zhong
Ji, Chunlan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Major Special Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Fund of Sichuan Province (SCJJ24ZD38)
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of the Institute of Industrial Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics on December 6, 2016 (No. SWUFE-IIE-20161201). All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The scope of the approval covered all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis.
: This study involved non-interventional research using in-person household surveys and interviews. The surveys and interviews took place between January 14 and September 26 in 2017. Informed consent in the instructions of the questionnaire for this study was obtained in person before each participant took part in the survey or interview. All respondents were clearly informed in plain language that the study aimed to examine the impacts of rural cluster residence and that the data collected would be used exclusively for academic purposes and analyzed at an aggregate level, without individual analysis of any participant’s data. Participants were assured that the survey and the survey and the interview were completely anonymous, and their confidentiality would be strictly protected. Participation was entirely voluntary. Respondents were informed of their right to decline to answer any question or to withdraw from the survey at any time without any adverse consequences. Given the anonymous and minimal-risk nature of the study, the investigators of this research explicitly stated that voluntary completion and submission of the survey and the interview would be regarded as an indication of informed consent. All participants were aged 18 years or above. No personally identifiable information was collected at any stage of the research.
