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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research received ethical approval from the ethical review committee of the School of Journalism and Communication, Xiamen University on November 25, 2021 (No. 20211101). All procedures performed in this study complied with the ethical standards of the institution as well as with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Data collection commenced in November 2021, with all participants giving implied informed consent through an online process prior to their involvement. The research team conducted the sessions throughout November–December 2021, ensuring that ethical standards were strictly followed and informed consent was obtained at the outset of each session. They were presented with detailed information about key aspects of the research, including: (1) confidentiality, which ensured that personal information would remain private and would not be disclosed or published, and (2) data usage, specifying that all collected data would solely serve academic research purposes without any commercial applications. To participate in the study, participants were required to indicate their understanding and agreement by clicking the “agree and continue” button, which granted them access to the questionnaires.