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Article History

Received: 25 November 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) at the University of Hail (No. H-2024-459) on 07/10/2024.

: Informed consent was electronically obtained in writing from all participants before their involvement in the study. Conducted via an online questionnaire, the consent process included a dedicated section explaining the study’s purpose, procedures, data usage, and participants’ rights, including voluntary participation and withdrawal without consequences. Participants confirmed consent by selecting an “Agree” button; those who declined were redirected away from the survey. Data collection took place between 15 October till 30 October 2024, overseen by the principal investigator and co-researchers. Consent was obtained directly from adult participants, without third-party involvement, as they were legally capable of providing consent independently. All data were collected and processed anonymously, with no personally identifiable information disclosed. Participants were given the opportunity to contact the researchers for clarifications before consenting. The study did not involve vulnerable individuals, and no financial or material incentives were provided.