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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Duzce University under ethics approval number 2021/83, on March 30, 2021. The approval covered all stages of the research process, including participants, data collection, and data analysis. Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. All procedures involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: In the present study, written informed consent was obtained from all the participants in the beginning of the implementation on February 15, 2022. The participants were informed about the objectives of the study, the confidentiality of their responses, and the risk in the study. Also, all collected data were anonymized to protect participant identity and ensure confidentiality.