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Article History

Received: 5 February 2024

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Competing Interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Behavioral and Social Science Research of Taiwan National University. The license number is: 202105ES161, and the time of acquisition is: July 07, 2021. The scope of the license is applicable to the relevant research of the course involving students’ interdisciplinary ability. All data collection and management in the study are based on informed consent, and all respondents are anonymized in accordance with the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, which is unlikely to have any adverse academic, professional and personal or financial impact on the respondents or test subjects.

: Prior to data collection, all research participants were provided with an informed consent form detailing the use of data (including for publication) and potential risks associated with the study. These forms were distributed to participants between January and June 2022, and each participant engaged in relevant research tests or interviews only after providing signed consent. Following data collection, all participants’ personal information was anonymized to safeguard their privacy and confidentiality. These procedures ensured that participants’ rights and welfare were protected throughout the research process, in compliance with established ethical guidelines for human subjects research.