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Article History

Received: 23 August 2024

Accepted: 8 September 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. Prior to the commencement of the research, the study protocol was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Education, University of Novi Sad (Approval Code: 06-22-6/23; Approval Date: December 11, 2023). Given the non-interventional and anonymous nature of the online questionnaire with adult participants and no collection of personal identifiers or sensitive data, the board granted an exemption/waiver of further formal approval. Data collection and storage were conducted under local ethical oversight in Serbia, thereby fulfilling the requirement for prior review by a responsible local ethics committee in line with Article 23(3) of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Children and minors were not included as participants in this study. Prior to completing the anonymous questionnaire, all potential participants received written information at the beginning of the survey, clearly explaining the purpose, objectives, procedures, and intended use of the data. Participants were explicitly informed that their participation was voluntary, that their anonymity was guaranteed, and that they had the right to withdraw at any time without providing a reason and without any negative consequences. Written electronic informed consent was obtained between 10 May and 28 June 2024, when participants voluntarily proceeded to complete the questionnaire. By doing so, participants agreed to the use of their de-identified data solely for academic research and publication in aggregated form. All responses were collected anonymously and treated as strictly confidential.