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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 9 September 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from two committees. First, the research was reviewed and approved by the Internal Research & Ethics Committee of a private educational institute (1 July 2021, ethical approval number: XF 0062-1507-2021) prior to the commencement of data collection (October 2021). This approval covered all stages of data collection. Second, following the first author’s change of affiliation to the University of Bristol, additional approval was obtained from the School of Education Research Ethics Committee at the University of Bristol (Reference 14864, approved on 15 May 2023). This approval served to ensure compliance with the University’s procedures for the ongoing and later stages of the project. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional committees and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, alongside comparable ethical standards (British Educational Research Association, BERA). All ethical approvals covered the collection of interview data and the subsequent use of de-identified data for publications and reporting purposes.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants at each stage of the study, with separate forms signed before every interview round: on 1 October 2021, 1 October 2022, and 1 October 2023. Prior to participation, all participants (adults) were provided with an information sheet detailing the full scope of the research project. They signed the informed consent form after reviewing the information sheet. They were fully informed regarding the study’s objectives, the rights of voluntary participation, their right to withdraw at any time without consequence, the confidentiality measures in place to protect their data, the use of their data for publication purposes, and the option to check the transcript of their interview accounts.