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Article History

Received: 8 April 2025

Accepted: 10 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bursa Uludağ University, Science and Engineering Sciences Research and Publication (approval no: 2019-03, dated May 27, 2019). The approval covers the survey and methodology employed in the research. All procedures involving human participants were carried out in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations. All procedures conducted in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The authors further declare that the submitted manuscript is original, has not been published elsewhere, and fully complies with the Ethical Guidelines applicable to this journal.

: In accordance with Articles 10(a) and 10(b) of the Bursa Uludağ University Directive on Research and Publication Ethics Committees, it is stipulated that (a) ethical approval must be obtained for the collection of data through surveys, interviews, or similar methods in studies conducted by members of Uludağ University, and (b) participants’ rights must be protected, harm must be prevented, and informed consent must be obtained before, during, and after the research. Within this framework, informed consent for this study was obtained orally from participants prior to the administration of the survey conducted between June and August 2019. As the study was non-interventional and low-risk in nature, written consent was not deemed necessary. Participants were informed about the purpose, procedures, confidentiality, and data usage of the study, and their voluntary participation was documented by the researchers. The consent covered participation, the use of anonymized data for research purposes, and the publication of results in academic outlets. Only adult participants who were capable of providing consent on their own behalf were included in the study.