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Article History

Received: 17 September 2024

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics and Security Committee of Science and Technology of Hubei University of Technology (Approval No: HBUT20240012; Date: December 14, 2023). The approval covers the research design, methodology, participant eligibility criteria, data collection procedures, privacy protection measures, and informed consent process. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. All questionnaires were administered voluntarily and anonymously.

: The study was conducted on December 15, 2023, lasting for 5 months. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their completion of the formal questionnaire. Data were collected through both online and offline questionnaires. For the offline cohort, trained interviewers secured written informed consent immediately before administering the paper-based survey. For the online participants, consent was obtained electronically via a digital consent page presented prior to the questionnaire items. At the beginning of the survey, participants were informed of the research purpose, procedures, the confidentiality of their responses, and the exclusive use of data for academic purposes. They were assured that all personal information would be anonymized and that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. All participants confirmed their voluntary involvement and consented to the use of their data for research purposes as well as to the publication of anonymized findings.