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Article History

Received: 13 October 2024

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 7 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set forth by the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical standards. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Physics of the University of Udine (Approval date: 23/05/2023 - Approval ID: 2023-012-IRB-DMIF-ChatGPT). The approval covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and analysis.

: Participation in this study was entirely voluntary and involved the completion of an anonymous online questionnaire. Consent was obtained between 3 October and 18 December 2023, during the data collection period. Prior to accessing the survey, all prospective participants were presented with a detailed information sheet outlining the purpose of the study, the nature and scope of data collection, procedures for data analysis, and assurances regarding anonymity and confidentiality. Participants were informed that:• The survey was fully anonymous and no personally identifiable information would be collected;• The data would be analysed exclusively in aggregated form;• Their participation was voluntary and they could exit the survey at any point prior to submission without any consequences;• There were no foreseeable risks associated with participation;• The results would be used solely for academic research purposes. After reviewing this information, participants were required to provide explicit online consent (via a mandatory checkbox) before proceeding to complete the questionnaire. No data were collected from individuals who did not give their consent and the privacy of the participants has been safeguarded at all stages of the research.