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Article History

Received: 11 November 2024

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 29 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study analysed publicly available documents and aggregate program-level information, for example, national AI strategies, policy papers, press releases, corporate announcements, and media coverage, and conducted scenario modeling. It involved no interaction with human participants, no collection or processing of identifiable personal data, and no use of animals. Consequently, institutional ethical approval was not required for this research.

: Not applicable. The research did not involve human participants or the collection of any individual-level or identifiable personal data.