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Article History

Received: 9 December 2024

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 11 November 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This research did not require approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee. The study relied exclusively on a pre-existing, openly available dataset of anonymised human–and AI-generated short stories compiled by Beguš ( ) and hosted on the Open Science Framework. No new data were collected, and no interaction with human participants took place. According to Irish and EU research ethics frameworks, as well as the Declaration of Helsinki, secondary analysis of anonymised and publicly archived data does not require additional ethical approval.

: Informed consent was not obtained for this study because no new human data were collected. The dataset used was created by Beguš ( ) via Amazon Mechanical Turk under a separate research protocol that included participant consent and anonymisation. The present research involved only secondary analysis of these anonymised materials, which are publicly accessible through the Open Science Framework. Under GDPR Recital 26 and Irish Health Research Regulations 2018, anonymised data that cannot be linked to identifiable individuals is outside the scope of consent requirements.