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Article History

Received: 1 October 2024

Accepted: 18 September 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Teachers’ College of Educational Science at Leshan Normal University (Approval No. LSNU-TCES-2024-0137) on September 20, 2024. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study between October 7, 2024, and October 25, 2024. Participants were provided with a detailed information sheet explaining the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. They were assured that their participation was voluntary, their data would be anonymized and kept confidential, and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. A signed consent form was obtained from each participant prior to data collection.