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Authors
Zhang, Chaozheng
Chen, Danling
Zhang, Xupeng
Lu, Xinhai
Hou, Jiao
He, Qingsong
Li, Jia
Yin, Yizhen
Deng, Chenning
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2024JC-YBQN-0265)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42101307)
Humanity and Social Science Research Funds of Ministry of Education of China (21YJC790006)
Philosophy and Social Science Research Funds of Department of Education of Hubei Province (24Q116)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3210000)
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Article History
Received: 22 March 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study utilized publicly available secondary data, including city-level socioeconomic statistics and official policy documents. All procedures performed in this research adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As the study did not involve direct interaction with human participants or the collection of identifiable private information, formal ethical approval was not required.
: Since this study analyzed aggregated and anonymized secondary data from public sources, obtaining informed consent from individuals was not applicable. The data sources used ensure confidentiality and do not contain any personal identifying information.
