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Article History

Received: 30 January 2024

Accepted: 25 September 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors affirm that there are no competing interests associated with this work.

: This research was granted ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University (Approval No. ZJGSUSFL-IRB-2023-047) on November 15, 2023. All procedures involving human participants were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study during the data collection period from December 2023 to February 2024. Participants were explicitly informed that their participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw at any time without penalty, and that the study posed no foreseeable physical, emotional, or psychological risks. All participants were provided with a detailed overview of the study's procedures and given the opportunity to ask questions prior to giving consent.