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Article History

Received: 7 August 2024

Accepted: 25 September 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All methods in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The research protocol, including its objectives, survey instrument, and participant recruitment procedures, was reviewed and approved by he Institutional Ethics Committee of Anyang University (Approval No. AYU135042023111205) on 12 November 2023. Data collection was conducted through both online and face-to-face survey methods, with participants providing informed consent prior to participation. The committee confirmed that the study complied with institutional research ethics policies, national regulations, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. No vulnerable populations were involved, and no personally identifiable or sensitive data were collected.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. For the online survey, an electronic consent procedure was embedded at the beginning of the questionnaire. Participants were presented with a detailed information page describing the study’s objectives, procedures, voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any stage without penalty, data confidentiality, and the academic-only purpose of data use. Only individuals who clicked “Agree and Continue” were able to proceed with the survey. For the face-to-face survey, written consent forms were provided and signed by participants after the researcher had clearly explained the study’s purpose, procedures, and data protection measures. In both modalities, participants were explicitly assured that their responses would remain anonymous and that no personally identifiable or sensitive information would be collected. The informed consent procedure and data collection were conducted between 28 November 2023 and 5 April 2024, and were fully approved by the Ethics Committee of Anyang University on 12 November 2023 as part of the reviewed protocol.