Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 August 2024

Accepted: 25 September 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Institutional Review Board of Communication University of Shanxi approved the study on February 20, 2024 (Approval Number: CUSX202409143).

: Informed consent was obtained online, with participants first presented an information sheet followed by a consent form. Earning mothers were provided with comprehensive information about the study and were allowed to ask questions. They were informed of their right to withdraw at any point without any consequences. Only those who selected “Yes” to participate in the Google Form were included in the study. We informed the participants that they could withdraw or choose not to answer specific questions without consequences. We told them that we do not collect any personal information. We assured them that all responses would remain anonymous, be treated confidentially, and be used exclusively for academic research. All participants provided written online consent to participate in the study voluntarily through Google Forms from March 1,2024- June 30, 2024.