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Authors
Kim, Jooyoung
Ryu, Minji
Kang, Seungbeom
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yonsei University Research Fund (2023-22-0099, 2023-22-0099, 2023-22-0099)
Korea Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) as an Innovative Talent Education Program for Smart City
Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022S1A3A2A01089625, NRF-2022S1A3A2A01089625, NRF-2022S1A3A2A01089625)
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Article History
Received: 11 January 2025
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This study used publicly available secondary data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS). Institutional Review Board (IRB) approvals for each survey wave are publicly disclosed on the official KoWePS website ( ).
: Not required, as the study relied on secondary data. IRB approvals, including information on participant consent procedures, are available annually on the official KoWePS website ( ).
