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Authors
Igarashi, Akira
Kano, Yoshinobu
Miwa, Hirofumi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP22H00804, JP22H00804, JP22H00804)
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJPR2461)
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Article History
Received: 17 December 2024
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board for Human Subject Research at Gakushuin University, Japan (Gakushuin IRB; approval number: 2023059), on 6 December 2023. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines to ensure the rights and welfare of research participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki. The approval covered all procedures involving human participants, including the survey design, informed consent process, and publication of anonymized data.
: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants by the research team at the beginning of the survey conducted between 18 and 22 January 2024. The consent process was approved by the same IRB (Gakushuin IRB; approval number: 2023059, granted on 6 December 2023). On the survey screen, participants were provided with a written statement describing the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, their right to withdraw at any time, the absence of anticipated risks, and the use of anonymized data for academic publication and data sharing. They were also informed that failure to respond attentively could result in loss of compensation.
