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Authors
Gao, Huirong
Ye, Mengxin
Gong, Tengling
Wei, Xu
Zhong, Zhenguo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education Key Project under the National Education Science Planning, China (DIA210353, DIA210353, DIA210353)
National Social Science Fund (BFA230096)
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Article History
Received: 10 December 2024
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) of East China Normal University (Approval No. HR326-2024) on April 11, 2024. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and adhered to China’s ethical guidelines for human subject research. The ethics committee granted an exemption category II (exemption from written informed consent) due to minimal risk and potential identifiability concerns.
: The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) at East China Normal University (Approval No. HR326-2024; Exemption Category II, granted April 11, 2024). The exemption was granted following expert review, on the basis that the study poses minimal risk to participants and involves standard interview procedures with adults. Written evidence of this exemption (official approval letter) is retained and provided with the submission. Verbal informed consent was obtained and audio-recorded from all participants immediately prior to each interview (conducted between May and July 2024), and all data were anonymized to protect participant confidentiality.
