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Authors
Lin, Meng
Zhonghe, Zhang
Wei, Feng
Arif, Muhammad
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation (No. 23&ZD069)
Major Projects of the National Social Science Foundation (No. 23&ZD069)
"Double First-Class" Discipline Collaborative Innovation Achievement Project in Heilongjiang Province (LJGXCG2022-060)
2024 Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project for Western and Border Regions (No. 24XJC630001)
Research Projects of the Scientific Research Team of the School of Tourism Ecology and Environment at Guilin Tourism University in China (No. STKY-2024001)
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2024
Accepted: 30 September 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Heilongjiang University (Approval No. HLJU-20221204) on December 13, 2022. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional and national research committee standards and the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments. The approval covers participant recruitment, data collection, data management, and dissemination of anonymized findings.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between February and June 2023. Consent was obtained after participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, scope of data use, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. All participants consented to both participation and the publication of anonymized data. No identifying information is included in this manuscript.
: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Wordtune and Grammarly in order to fix grammatical errors and enhance understanding of context and meaning. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.
