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Do China’s official external lending and its components reduce host country national risks?—Empirical evidence from borrowing and non-borrowing countries

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-06059-1

Published Online: 2025-11-18

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Li, Yanxi

Shang, Shu

Sun, Yuchen
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Key projects of the National Social Science Foundation (24AJY032)

Major project of National Social Science Foundation (24&ZD089)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-11-18

Version of Record valid from 2025-11-18
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Article History

Received: 10 February 2025

Accepted: 30 September 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required as the study did not involve human participants.

: Informed consent was not required as the study did not involve human participants.

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