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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 2 October 2025

First Online: 19 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: As this study was not medical research nor considered human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and because the questionnaire did not adversely affect the mental health of the respondents, ethical approval was required for this study according to the regulations of the Research Ethics Review Committee of Business School, Xuzhou University of Technology, decision of November 29, 2024.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study since written informed consent was obtained prior to the survey. The nature and objectives of the study, together with the participants' ability to withdraw at any time, were explained to the participants. The informed consent process was conducted from December 15, 2024, to January 30, 2025, concurrently with the questionnaire distribution.