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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 7 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: We have implemented a series of measures to safeguard data privacy: all personal information and research data collected have been anonymized to ensure that no individual can be directly identified through the data; the data are stored on secure servers and protected by advanced encryption technologies. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (No. IRB00001052-24025) on May 6, 2024.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study from May 7 to July 15, 2024. Medical Students were given the option to contact the research team before, during, and after the data collection and the option to withdraw their consent and stop participating in the research at any time.