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Authors
Zhou, Mi
Li, Lingsi
Huang, Li
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71973100)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71903133)
Major Project of the National Social Science Funds of China (23&ZD108)
Doctoral Dissertation Scholarship for Rural Studies of Tsinghua University (202317)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2024
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study exclusively conducted secondary analysis of de-identified data, with no human beings participating in the research process. The analysis in this study was based on the publicly accessible data—the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) dataset conducted by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHCPRC) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) published by the China Social Science Survey Center at Peking University (CSSSCPU). The CMDS and CFPS dataset was completely anonymized. This study using the CMDS and CFPS data was reviewed and approved by the School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Agricultural University.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all CMDS and CFPS respondents by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHCPRC) and the China Social Science Survey Center at Peking University (CSSSCPU) that conducted the survey. The CMDS and CFPS data used in this study has been completely anonymized. This study thus contains no any identifiable information on CMDS and CFPS respondents.
