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Article History

Received: 13 December 2024

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved human participants and their data. All study procedures adhered strictly to the ethical standards set by Chinese institutional and national research ethics committees, as well as the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments or comparable ethical guidelines. Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities (Approval Number: 20230601301) on June 13, 2023. The approval is valid for 2 years. The approval covered all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. Throughout the study, participants’ rights, safety, privacy, and well-being were rigorously protected with the approved protocols and relevant Chinese regulations.

: Before the study, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The data collection was conducted between August and October 2023 in the Pearl River Delta region of mainland China, involving full-time employees from various industries such as internet services, education, tourism, and finance. Before completing the survey, each participant received a detailed informed consent form that explained the purpose of the study, the procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, the scope of data usage, the measures to ensure anonymity, the potential risks, and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants were included in the study only after reading and fully understanding this information and providing their signed consent. No material incentives were offered to avoid influencing participant decisions. All questionnaires were completed anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was collected. The data are used solely for academic research purposes and will be published only in anonymized form. All participants were adults aged 18 or above with full legal capacity to consent. The study did not involve minors, patients, refugees, or any other vulnerable populations. Throughout the study, ethical standards were strictly followed to ensure participants’ informed rights, privacy, and data security were fully protected.