Document is current
Any future updates will be listed below
-
Authors
CHEN, Xia
YAN, Jackie Xiu
-
Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Northwest Normal University (the Young Scholar Research Grant (NWNU-SKQN2024-24))
City University of Hong Kong (SIRG project #7020037)
- License Information
-
More Information
Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the College Human Subjects Ethics Sub-Committee of the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at the City University of Hong Kong (Reference No. 2021-22-CIR7-1) on September 5 in 2022. The approval covers all aspects of the study, including participant recruitment, data collection, and data analysis. The authors declare that all procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations applicable when human participants are involved.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the period from March 1 to October 1 in 2024, prior to their participation in this study. They were informed of the nature, purpose, and procedures of the study, their rights as participants, and the assured anonymity and confidentiality. All the participants understood that their participation was voluntary, and they could withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty.
