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Authors
Lyu, Dong
Wang, Zhongfeng
Song, Rongrong
Jin, Jia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Open Fund of Guizhou Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Brain-inspired Computing (AILKF20250104)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72271166)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2024
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shanghai International Studies University (Institutional Review Board) on March 15, 2022 (Ethics approval number: 2022BC030). The approval covers all procedures conducted in this research, including the questionnaires and behavioral experiments in Study 1 and Study 2, as well as the electroencephalogram (EEG) experiments in Study 3. All the studies were conducted in accordance with the relevant ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants, including the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2007) and the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. No part of the study commenced prior to obtaining ethical approval.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study from March to May 2022. Specifically, for Study 1 and Study 2, participants completed an online questionnaire after reading a detailed informed consent form (Study1: Date March 23, 2022; Study 2: Date April 15-20, 2022). The form provided details about the researchers, the study’s purpose, participants’ rights (including the right to withdraw at any time without penalty), and data handling procedures, outlining how personal information would be processed and safeguarded. Participation was voluntary, with individuals enrolling based on a full understanding of this information. For Study 3, which involved the collection of behavioral and EEG data, written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the experiment (EEG Experiment: May 15-25, 2022). Participants were fully informed about the nature of the study, their rights, and the handling of their personal data. These informed consents are not publicly available due to the privacy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
