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Article History

Received: 22 January 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 24 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol has been approved by the Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research and Ethical Review Board (Address: ‘etik.yildiz.edu.tr/dogrula’ Report No: 20240402854 Verification Code: 9f93a). Furthermore, this research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards declared in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent updates.

: All participants voluntarily participated in the study and provided informed consent. Respondents in this investigation were university students. On April 25, 2024, informed consent was obtained after it was clarified that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Prior to completing the questionnaire, they were informed of the purpose, scope, and potential risks of the study. The use of all personal information was exclusively for academic research and was maintained in strict confidentiality.