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Authors
Alqarni, Ali
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the College of Education, Umm Al-Qura University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in compliance with relevant ethical guidelines for research involving human participants, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted under the protocol number 2401120492 for the project titled “The Relationship Between Cybersecurity Awareness and Data Protection Behaviors Among Saudi Secondary School Students: The Mediating Role of Cyber Threat Perception and the Moderating Role of Internet Usage Duration” , with an approval date of January 15, 2024 . The study was approved on the condition that it adhered strictly to the submitted protocol, with any amendments requiring prior approval.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the survey period, which spanned from April 1, 2024, to May 30, 2024, using a survey questionnaire. Participants were fully informed of the purpose of the study, the scope of their participation, and how their data would be used, and they were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be maintained throughout the research process. They were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without facing any repercussions. For vulnerable participants, consent was appropriately obtained from their legal guardians following a clear explanation of the research objectives and procedures. No incentives or payments were offered for participation. The study involved non-interventional research methods (surveys and questionnaires). Participants were explicitly made aware of the reasons for conducting the research, the intended use of the data, and the fact that there were no anticipated risks associated with their participation. All procedures were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. As stated in the Methods section, data collection was conducted during April–May 2024 , after receiving ethical approval in January 15, 2024 .
