Jin, Xizan
Chen, Lili
Jin, Danrui
Chen, Ziyi
You, Heyuan
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (23BSH106)
Humanity and Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (23YJA630121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (71874151)
the Major Humanities and Social Sciences Research Projects in Zhejiang higher education institutions (2024GH045)
Article History
Received: 15 February 2025
Accepted: 20 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors. The data used in this study are de-identified survey data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), organized by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. The CMDS is a publicly accessible database maintained by the same institution.