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Authors
Kong, Hui
Yu, Yang
Wu, Jingyi
Zheng, Yunhan
Chao, Hao
Li, Pengfei
Zhang, Luxia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52408093)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474010)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72125009)
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (24YJCZH126)
Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2025J09003)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (20720250024)
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Article History
Received: 1 April 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 27 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital (Approval No. 2020–018) on February 25, 2020. All procedures performed in this study complied with the ethical standards of the institution as well as with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
: In accordance with national regulations of China, including the Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202108/t20210820_313088.html) and the Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings ( ), ethical review may be exempted if the research does not cause harm to human subjects, does not involve sensitive personal information, and does not concern commercial interests, specifically for research using anonymized information or data (Article 32). This study used anonymized data only; therefore, written informed consent was not required and was formally waived by the Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital (Approval No. 2020–018).
