Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 June 2024

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests

: At the moment of the data collection in November to December 2021, our research institute (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) did not yet have an ethical committee. However, we did get approval retrospectively from the ethical board of PBL on the 2nd of October 2025 (approval number 003-2025). All research was performed in accordance with the Netherlands Code of Conduct for Research Integrity of 2018 ( ). This study is based on primary data and was collected by KANTAR Public on behalf of PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. KANTAR collected this data at most respect for the respondents’ privacy, and with careful consideration of any possibility of adverse consequences. The authors received anonymised data from KANTAR Public, and they were not able to identify respondents. We approached only adults.

: Kantar Public invited members of the NIPObase panel to participate in the survey. NIPObase is a panel consisting of over 100,000 people who are regularly invited to respond to online surveys. When signing in as a panel member, the members received information about the purpose, privacy, data storage, right of withdrawal and use of the collected data, and signed a repeated informed consent form. All participants have been fully informed that their anonymity is assured. In the invitation to the survey, KANTAR again points out the rights, approval and consent of the respondents. KANTAR Public conforms to the ICC/ESOMAR Code of Conduct for Market Research and holds all ISO certificates relevant for market research (9001, 14002, 20252, 26362 and 27001).