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Authors
Qi, Yating
Zhu, Wendi
An, Zhixin
Lu, Qingyun
Zhao, Miaomiao
Zhang, Tianyang
Zong, Jiaqi
Xue, Peng
Gao, Yuexia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX24_3543)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72004104)
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2024
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This research received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Nantong University on July 15th, 2023 [Approval Number (2023)58]. All procedures involved in this study were conducted in strict compliance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, as well as the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
: Data collection commenced in August 2023. Given that all respondents were under 16 years of age, written informed consent was obtained from both the students and their parents or guardians before they participated in the study (the time of obtaining informed consent was between July 20th and July 31st). Before the survey was administered, all participants were fully informed of key details regarding the research, including: (1) confidentiality: personal information would be kept private and would not be disclosed or published, (2) data usage: all collected data would be used exclusively for academic research purposes, with no commercial applications, (3) the specific objectives of the study, and (4) the absence of any potential risks associated with participation.
